When it rains down in legal problems it’s probably going to pour. So you better have an umbrella fund off to the side somewhere safe…hidden…out of reach…stashed.
If you don’t have the funds, you won’t get good representation…and then you’re easy prey for the prosecutors and law enforcement.
As the marijuana industry continues to grow and evolve in Michigan, it’s crucial for marijuana cultivators to understand the importance of having legal defense funds readily available.
Despite the legalization of marijuana in the state, there are still potential legal challenges and risks that growers may face.
Having legal funds at the ready applies to everyone from
state licensed entities
caregivers and patients
recreational growers and consumers
hemp cultivators.
Understanding the legal landscape for marijuana cultivation in Michigan
An overview of marijuana laws in Michigan
In recent years, Michigan has seen significant changes in its marijuana laws. In 2008, the state passed the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act, which allowed the use of medical marijuana for qualifying patients. Then, in 2018, Michigan voters approved the Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act, which legalized the recreational use of marijuana for adults.
Under these laws, individuals aged 21 and older can possess and cultivate marijuana in certain quantities. However, it’s important to understand the specific regulations and limitations that apply.
Recent developments and changes in marijuana legislation
The legislative landscape surrounding marijuana cultivation in Michigan is constantly evolving. It’s crucial for cultivators to stay informed about any new developments or changes in the law.
For example, in 2020, the Michigan Marijuana Regulatory Agency (MRA) issued emergency rules that introduced licensing requirements for commercial marijuana establishments, including cultivation facilities. These rules outline specific procedures and standards that growers must adhere to.
By keeping up with the latest legislation and regulations, marijuana cultivators can ensure they are operating within the bounds of the law and avoid potential legal complications.
Potential legal challenges faced by marijuana growers in Michigan
State and federal conflicts in marijuana regulations
One of the major challenges faced by marijuana growers in Michigan is the conflict between state and federal regulations. While marijuana cultivation may be legal under state law, it remains illegal at the federal level.
This discrepancy creates uncertainty and can expose growers to potential legal risks. Federal law enforcement agencies, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), can still enforce federal marijuana laws, although they typically focus on larger operations and violations that involve other criminal activities.
Nevertheless, it’s important for marijuana cultivators to understand the potential consequences and navigate this legal gray area cautiously.
Risks associated with non-compliance in cultivation practices
Even within the framework of state laws, there are numerous regulations and requirements that marijuana cultivators must adhere to. Failure to comply with these rules can result in legal consequences, including fines, license revocation, and even criminal charges.
Common compliance issues include exceeding plant limits, improper labeling, inadequate security measures, and failure to follow proper cultivation and testing procedures. It’s crucial for cultivators to stay informed and ensure they are operating in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations.
The Importance of having legal defense funds for marijuana cultivators
The financial burden of legal defense in marijuana cultivation cases
Legal challenges can be financially draining, and marijuana cultivators are no exception. Defending oneself in a legal case can involve expensive legal fees, court costs, and potential fines or penalties. These financial burdens can quickly accumulate and become overwhelming.
Having legal defense funds set aside can help alleviate the strain and ensure that cultivators can afford proper legal representation when needed. It’s a proactive measure that cultivators should consider to protect themselves from unexpected legal challenges.
The benefits of proactive legal preparation
In the ever-changing world of marijuana legislation, being prepared is key. By setting aside legal defense funds, cultivators can take a proactive approach to potential legal challenges. This preparation allows cultivators to act swiftly when needed, securing legal representation and taking necessary steps to protect their interests.
Having legal defense funds in place also provides peace of mind. It allows cultivators to focus on their operations without constantly worrying about potential legal troubles, knowing they have the resources to defend themselves if the need arises.
Navigating the complexities of marijuana laws in Michigan
Understanding licensing and permitting requirements
Obtaining the necessary licenses and permits is crucial for marijuana cultivators in Michigan. The state has established a comprehensive licensing system to regulate commercial marijuana operations.
Understanding the specific requirements, application processes, and deadlines associated with licenses is essential. It’s advisable to seek legal counsel to ensure compliance with all licensing and permitting obligations.
Comprehending zoning restrictions and land use regulations
Zoning restrictions and land use regulations add another layer of complexity to marijuana cultivation in Michigan. Local municipalities have the authority to regulate the location and operation of marijuana establishments within their jurisdictions.
Cultivators must familiarize themselves with the zoning laws in their area and ensure their operations comply with the specified land use regulations. Failure to do so can result in costly legal disputes or even forced closure of the cultivation facility.
By staying informed and working within the boundaries of zoning and land use regulations, cultivators can avoid unnecessary legal complications and focus on their business objectives.
Securing legal representation: the role of a defense attorney in marijuana cultivation cases
When it comes to growing legal marijuana in Michigan, having a reliable and experienced defense attorney like Komorn Law by your side is crucial. While the state allows for the cultivation of recreational and medical marijuana, there may still be legal challenges that require professional legal assistance.
Qualifications and expertise to look for in a defense attorney
Finding the right defense attorney is essential to protect your rights and navigate the complexities of marijuana cultivation cases. Look for attorneys who specialize in cannabis law and have experience dealing with similar cases. They should have a deep understanding of the ever-changing marijuana regulations in Michigan and be familiar with the specific nuances of the industry.
The importance of attorney-client privilege and confidentiality
When discussing legal matters, confidentiality is key. Attorney-client privilege ensures that any information shared between you and your defense attorney remains confidential. This protection is crucial for open and honest communication, allowing you to provide your attorney with all relevant details without fear of it being used against you.
Costs and considerations of legal defense for marijuana growers in Michigan
While nobody likes to think about legal trouble, it’s essential to consider the potential costs associated with legal defense in the marijuana industry.
Evaluating the potential costs of legal defense
Legal defense can be expensive, and the cost will vary depending on the complexity of your case.
Factors such as the nature of the charges, the amount of evidence involved, and the length of the legal process can all impact the overall cost.
It’s wise to consult with prospective defense attorneys to get an estimate of the potential costs involved in your specific situation.
Factors to consider when budgeting for legal representation
When budgeting for legal representation, it’s crucial to assess your financial situation realistically. Consider factors such as attorney fees, court expenses, and any additional costs that may arise during the legal process. It’s wise to set aside a substantial amount or create a legal defense fund to ensure you have the necessary resources when they are needed most.
These funds should be stashed away somewhere to avoid being “confiscated” by law enforcement.
Preemptive measures: building a legal defense fund for marijuana cultivation
Being proactive and planning ahead can save you from unnecessary stress and financial strain in the event of legal disputes related to marijuana cultivation.
Strategies for setting aside funds for legal defense
One effective strategy is to establish a dedicated legal defense fund specifically for covering potential legal expenses. This fund should be separate from your regular business finances and set aside on a regular basis. By consistently contributing to this fund, you can accumulate the necessary resources over time, providing you with a safety net if legal issues arise.
Developing a comprehensive legal defense plan
Having a well-thought-out legal defense plan is essential. This includes not only financial preparations but also understanding the legal framework and regulations surrounding marijuana cultivation in Michigan. Stay abreast of any changes in the law and consult with your defense attorney to ensure you are always prepared to defend your rights.
Anything you say will be used against you! Call our office before you say anything —>
1. Is it necessary to have legal defense money if marijuana cultivation is legal in Michigan?
While marijuana cultivation may be legal in Michigan, there are still potential legal challenges and risks associated with the industry. Having legal defense funds readily available is crucial to navigate these complexities and protect your interests in case of any legal disputes or challenges that may arise.
2. How much should I budget for legal defense funds?
The amount to budget for legal defense funds may vary depending on various factors, such as the size of your operation, the level of risk involved, and the specific legal services you may require. It is recommended to consult with a legal professional to assess your unique situation and determine an appropriate budget for your legal defense funds.
3. Can I rely solely on compliance to avoid legal issues?
While compliance with marijuana laws and regulations is crucial, it is not a foolproof guarantee against legal issues. Laws and regulations can change, and misunderstandings or disputes may arise. Having legal defense funds in place ensures you are prepared to navigate any unforeseen legal challenges that may arise, even if you are operating in full compliance.
4. What steps can I take to minimize legal risks as a marijuana grower in Michigan?
To minimize legal risks as a marijuana grower in Michigan, it is important to stay informed about the latest laws, licensing requirements, and zoning regulations. Maintaining meticulous records and documentation, implementing robust compliance practices, and seeking legal counsel when needed are all proactive measures that can help mitigate legal risks associated with operating in the marijuana industry.
If you or someone you know has been accused of a crime or DUI. Call Komorn Law and turn the odds in your favor. Call Now 248-357-2550
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Michigan is an open carry state. There is no law that says it is illegal to do so.
The Michigan State Police legal update describes Michigan’s open carry law as follows:
In Michigan, it is legal for a person to carry a firearm in public as long as the person is carrying the firearm with lawful intent and the firearm is not concealed. You will not find a law that states it is legal to openly carry a firearm. It is legal because there is no Michigan law that prohibits it; however, Michigan law limits the premises on which a person may carry a firearm.
Prohibited premises:
Schools or school property but may carry while in a vehicle on school property while dropping off or picking up if a parent or legal guardian
Public or private day care center, public or private child caring agency, or public or private child placing agency.
Sports arena or stadium
A tavern where the primary source of income is the sale of alcoholic liquor by the glass consumed on the premises
Any property or facility owned or operated by a church, synagogue, mosque, temple, or other place of worship, unless the presiding official or officials allow concealed weapons
An entertainment facility that the individual knows or should know has a seating capacity of 2,500 or more
A hospital
A dormitory or classroom of a community college, college, or university
A Casino
Anyone with a concealed pistol license (CPL) may carry a non-concealed firearm in the above listed premises. And it’s important to note a CPL holder is not required by law to carry a pistol concealed. A CPL holder may carry a pistol concealed or non-concealed.
Private Property
A private property owner has the right to prohibit individuals from carrying firearms on his or her property, whether concealed or otherwise, and regardless of whether the person is a CPL holder.
If a person remains on the property after being told to leave by the owner, the person may be charged with trespassing.
Schools
Michigan schools are allowed to make their own rules about guns. The Michigan Court of Appeals ruled school districts are allowed to ban guns from their buildings and ask anyone with a gun to leave. Trespassing charges can be pursued if the person does not leave the school when asked.
M I C H I G A N S T A T E P O L I C E
LEGAL UPDATE
O C T O B E R 2 6 , 2 0 1 0
FIREARMS LAW
As more and more police officers are encountering citizens who are openly carrying firearms in Michigan, the Michigan State Police offers this special edition of the Update to assist officers in familiarizing themselves with Michigan laws regarding both open and concealed carrying of firearms.
Open carry of firearms
In Michigan, it is legal for a person to carry a firearm in public as long as the person is carrying the firearm with lawful intent and the firearm is not concealed.
You will not find a law that states it is legal to openly carry a firearm. It is legal because there is no Michigan law that prohibits it; however, Michigan law limits the premises on which a person may carry a firearm.
MCL 750.234d provides that it is a 90 day misdemeanor to possess a firearm on the premises of any of the following:
A depository financial institution (e.g., bank or credit union)
A church or other place of religious worship
A court
A theater
A sports arena
A day care center
A hospital
An establishment licensed under the Liquor Control Code
The above section does not apply to any of the following:
The owner or a person hired as security (if the firearm is possessed for the purpose of providing security)
A peace officer
A person with a valid concealed pistol license
(CPL) issued by any state
A person who possesses on one of the above
listed premises with the permission of the owner
or owner’s agent
Officers must be aware of the above exemption for valid CPL holders as many of the citizens who openly carry firearms possess valid CPLs.
An individual with a valid CPL may carry a non-concealed firearm in the above listed premises.
A CPL holder is not required by law to carry a pistol concealed. A CPL holder may carry a pistol concealed or non-concealed.
A private property owner has the right to prohibit individuals from carrying firearms on his or her property, whether concealed or otherwise, and regardless of whether the person is a CPL holder.
If a person remains on the property after being told to leave by the owner, the person may be charged with trespassing (MCL 750.552).
MCL 750.226 states it is a felony for a person to carry a dangerous weapon, including a firearm, with the intent to use the weapon unlawfully against another person.
Possession of firearms in public by a minor is addressed in MCL 750.234f.
Brandishing firearms
MCL 750.234e provides that it is a 90-day misdemeanor for a person to knowingly brandish a firearm in public. Brandishing is not defined in Michigan law and there are no reported Michigan cases that define the term.
Attorney General Opinion No. 7101 provides guidance and states, “A person when carrying a handgun in a holster in plain view is not waving or displaying the firearm in a threatening manner. Thus, such conduct does not constitute brandishing a firearm….”
In the absence of any reported Michigan appellate court decisions defining “brandishing,” it is appropriate to rely upon dictionary definitions. People v Denio, 454 Mich 691, 699; 564 NW2d 13 (1997). According to The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition (1982), at p 204, the term brandishing is defined as: “1. To wave or flourish menacingly, as a weapon. 2. To display ostentatiously. –n. A menacing or defiant wave or flourish.” This definition comports with the meaning ascribed to this term by courts of other jurisdictions. For example, in United States v Moerman, 233 F3d 379, 380 (CA 6, 2000), the court recognized that in federal sentencing guidelines, “brandishing” a weapon is defined to mean “that the weapon was pointed or waved about, or displayed in a threatening manner.”
Transporting firearms
Michigan law details how firearms may be transported in a vehicle. MCL 750.227c and MCL 750.227d discuss the transportation of firearms, other than pistols, in vehicles. MCL 750.227(2) makes it a felony for a person to transport a pistol anywhere in a vehicle unless the person is licensed to carry a concealed pistol.
Exceptions to the above statute are found in MCL 750.231a.
One such exception allows for transportation of pistols in a vehicle for a “lawful purpose.”
A lawful purpose includes going to or from any one of the following:
A hunting or target area
A place of repair
Moving goods from a home or business to another home or business
A law enforcement agency (for a safety inspection or to turn the pistol over to the agency)
A gun show or place of sale or purchase
A public shooting facility
Public land where shooting is legal
Private property where a pistol may be lawfully
used.
MCL 750.231a also provides that a pistol transported for a “lawful purpose” by a person not licensed to carry a concealed pistol must be all of the following:
Unloaded
In a closed case designed for firearms
In the trunk (or if the vehicle has no trunk, it must not be readily accessible to the occupants)
There is no way to “open carry” a pistol in a vehicle. An individual, without a CPL or otherwise exempted (e.g., a police officer), who transports a pistol in a vehicle to an area where he or she intends to “open carry” may be in violation of MCL 750.227.
Carrying concealed weapons
MCL 750.227 also makes it a felony for a person to carry a concealed pistol on or about his or her person unless the person is exempt under MCL 750.231 or MCL 750.231a.
Complete invisibility is not required.
The carrying of a pistol in a holster or belt outside the clothing is not carrying a concealed weapon.
Carrying a pistol under a coat is carrying a concealed weapon.
Op. Atty. Gen. 1945, O-3158. According to the Court of Appeals in People v. Reynolds, a weapon is concealed if it is not observed by those casually observing the suspect as people do in the ordinary course and usual associations of life. 38 Mich App. 159 (1970).
Firearms Act
MCL 28.422 provides that a person shall not purchase, carry, possess, or transport a pistol in Michigan without first having obtained a License to Purchase and registering the pistol.
The statute contains exemptions for certain persons and additional exemptions are located in MCL 28.422a and in MCL 28.432.
A person with a valid Michigan CPL does not have to obtain a License to Purchase; however, he or she still has to register the pistol after he or she purchases or otherwise acquires it using a Pistol Sales Record (MCL 28.422a). Violation is a state civil infraction.
Gun Belongs To Another Person?
Additionally, a person with a valid CPL can carry, possess, use, or transport a properly registered pistol belonging to another (MCL 28.432).
Gun Records
Pistol buyers are required to have in their possession their copy of the License to Purchase or Pistol Sales Record when carrying, using, possessing, and transporting the pistol for 30 days after they acquire the pistol. These records are commonly referred to as Registration Certificates or Green Cards.
Officers are reminded that after 30 days, there is no requirement to have either record in their possession or to keep either record.
CPL (Where It Get Confusing)
MCL 28.425o provides that a person with a valid CPL shall not carry a concealed pistol in a pistol free zone.
The following is a list of the premises (excluding parking lots) included in the statute:
First offense is a state civil infraction.
School or school property, except a parent or legal guardian who is dropping off or picking up a child and the pistol is kept in the vehicle
Public or private day care center
Sports arena or stadium
A bar or tavern where sale and consumption of liquor by the glass is the primary source of income (does not apply to owner or employee of the business).
Any property or facility owned or operated by a
church, synagogue, mosque, temple, or other
place of worship, unless authorized by the presiding official
An entertainment facility that has a seating capacity of 2,500 or more
A hospital
A dormitory or classroom of a community college, college, or university
Note, the above statute applies to CPL holders carrying a concealed pistol. If the CPL holder is carrying a non-concealed pistol, the statute does not apply. As noted above, the unlawful premises listed in MCL 750.234d do not apply to persons with a valid CPL. Therefore, a person with a valid CPL may carry a non-concealed pistol in the areas described in MCL 28.425o and MCL 750.234d.
Additionally, the above listed pistol-free zones for CPL holders do not apply to the following individuals when they are licensed to carry a concealed weapon:
Retired police officers
Persons employed or contracted by a listed entity to provide security where carrying a concealed pistol is a term of employment
Licensed private detectives or investigators
Sheriff’s department corrections officers
State police motor carrier officers or capital security officers
Members of a sheriff’s posse
Auxiliary or reserve officers of a police or sheriff’s department
Parole or probation officers of the department of corrections
Current or retired state court judges
Out-of-state residents
Non-residents may legally possess a firearm more than 30 inches in length in Michigan.
In order for a non-resident to possess a pistol in Michigan, he or she must either be licensed to carry a concealed pistol or be licensed by his or her state of residence to purchase, carry, or transport a pistol.
The ownership of property in Michigan does not qualify a non-resident to possess a pistol in Michigan.
Non-resident concealed pistol possession.
MCL 750.231a makes it legal for a non-resident of Michigan with a valid CPL issued by his or her state of residence to carry a concealed pistol in Michigan as long as the pistol is carried in conformance with any and all restrictions appearing on the license.
Individuals with out of state CPLs are subject to Michigan laws that govern Michigan CPL holders. As many states issue CPLs to out of state residents, officers should verify that the person actually resides in the state that issued the license.
If the person does not reside in the state that issued the license, Michigan does not recognize the CPL and the person may not carry a concealed pistol in Michigan.
Possession of pistols by non-residents
MCL 28.432 makes it legal for non-residents of Michigan who hold valid CPLs issued by another state to possess a non-concealed pistol in Michigan without complying with Michigan’s pistol registration requirements.
Additionally, MCL 28.422exempts residents of other states from Michigan’s pistol registration requirements therefore, allowing them to possess a pistol in Michigan, if all of the following requirements are met:
The person is licensed by his or her state of residence to purchase, transport, or carry a pistol,
The person is in possession of the license while in Michigan,
The person owns the pistol possessed in Michigan,
The person possesses the pistol for a lawful purpose as defined in MCL 750.231a, and
The person is in Michigan less than 180 days and does not intend to establish residency here.
A non-resident must present the license issued by his or her state of residence to a police officer upon demand. Failure to do so is a 90-day misdemeanor.
When transporting a firearm in Michigan, non-residents must transport pistols in compliance with MCL 750.231a (discussed above in the Transporting Firearms section), unless they have a concealed pistol license issued by their state of residence.
Officers are reminded that the Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures.
Carrying a nonconcealed firearm is generally legal.
Officers may engage in a consensual encounter with a person carrying a non-concealed pistol; however, in order to stop a citizen, officers are required to have reasonable suspicion that crime is afoot.
For example, officers may not stop a person on the mere possibility the person may be carrying an unregistered pistol. Officers must possess facts rising to the level of reasonable suspicion to believe the person is carrying an unregistered pistol.
Officers are also reminded there is no general duty for a citizen to identify himself or herself to a police officer unless the citizen is being stopped for a Michigan Vehicle Code violation.
Here is the link to the Michigan State Police Legal Update from where the information was obtained. Please Note: Laws change so please consult an attorney for any legal questions.
An interesting read about a 5 year trend (2013-2017) accident and crash trends for drivers who admitted they were using cellphone. There is a link toward the bottom of the page to the PDF which has some detailed statistics with a pretty picture. But you’ll read most of it here.
Michigan Traffic Crash Facts
Cell phone use can be a distraction for the driver, the bicyclist, and the pedestrian. Cell phone use in crashes is measured by reported use, which is recorded by the police officer at the scene of the crash.
2017 Traffic Crash Data
A total of 3,099 crashes occurred in Michigan where a motor vehicle driver, pedestrian, or bicyclist was using a cell phone. Twenty-one of those crashes involved a fatality.
A total of 3,076 motor vehicle drivers, 25 pedestrians, and nine bicyclists were reported to be using cell phones in the 3,099 crashes.
Of the 25 pedestrians using a cell phone, three pedestrians were killed, six suffered a suspected serious injury, ten suffered a suspected minor injury, and five suffered a possible injury.
Of the 3,076 motor vehicle drivers using cell phones, 618 (20.1%) were 20 years of age or younger.
There were 1,490 (48.1%) rear-end crashes where a driver was using a cell phone.
Charged with distracted driving or driving under the influence of marijuana or alcohol? Contact Komorn Law for a free case evaluation800-656-3557.
Of the total 3,099 crashes involving cell phone use, 609 (19.7%) also involved a lane departure.
Of the total 3,099 crashes involving cell phone use, 1,236 (39.9%) were intersection related.
There were 3,076 motor vehicle drivers using a cell phone in crashes: 2,713 passenger cars, 292 pickup trucks, 28 trucks or buses over 10,000 lbs., 11 small trucks under 10,000 lbs., ten vans or motorhomes, one motorcycle, four vehicle types coded as “other,” and 17 uncoded and errors.
*In 2016, the data field measuring cell phone use was changed to include multiple distraction elements. Increases in the number of cell phone crashes in 2016 and future years may be the result of the police report change.
Komorn Law has represented numerous clients through the legal chaos of starting up a business in the Michigan Medical Marihuana Industry.
If you or someone you know is facing charges as a result of Medical Marijuana, DUI, Drugs, Forfeiture, Criminal Enterprise, etc. Please contact our office and ensure you’re defended by an experienced lawyer in the evolving laws.
Lead attorney Michael Komorn is recognized as an expert on the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act. He is the President of the Michigan Medical Marijuana Association (MMMA), a nonprofit patient advocacy group which advocates for the rights of medical marijuana patients and their caregivers.
Contact us for a free no-obligation case evaluation 800-656-3557.
An interesting read about a 5 year trend (2013-2017) accident and crash trends for drivers who tested positive for cannabinoid drug. There is a link toward the bottom of the page to the PDF which has very detailed statistics.
Michigan State Police (MSP)
Drivers Tested Positive for Cannabinoid Drugs
(Delta 9, Hashish Oil, Hashish, Marijuana/Marihuana, Marinol, Tetrahydrocannabinols, THC, or Cannabinoid, type unknown)
2017 Traffic Crash Data
There were 174 drivers who tested positive for cannabinoid drug use involved in 169 motor vehicle crashes. Of those crashes, 131 were classified as fatal, resulting in 144 fatalities. An additional 156 persons were injured.
The highest number of motor vehicle crashes with drivers who tested positive for cannabinoid drug use (19) occurred in April and May, and the highest number of fatal crashes (17)and persons killed (19) occurred in May.
Charged with driving under the influence of marijuana or alcohol? Contact Komorn Law for a free case evaluation800-656-3557.
Michigan driver statistics indicate 6.5 percent of licensed drivers who tested positive for using cannabinoid drugs were age 16-20, and 16.7 percent of drivers who tested positive for using cannabinoid drugs in crashes were also in that age group.
Komorn Law has represented numerous clients through the legal chaos of starting up a business in the Michigan Medical Marihuana Industry.
If you or someone you know is facing charges as a result of Medical Marijuana, DUI, Drugs, Forfeiture, Criminal Enterprise, etc. Please contact our office and ensure you’re defended by an experienced lawyer in the evolving laws.
Lead attorney Michael Komorn is recognized as an expert on the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act. He is the President of the Michigan Medical Marijuana Association (MMMA), a nonprofit patient advocacy group which advocates for the rights of medical marijuana patients and their caregivers.
Contact us for a free no-obligation case evaluation 800-656-3557.
Members from an Atlanta police narcotics team got a tip from an informant about an alleged drug stash, in November, 2006. As it turned out, the alleged drug house belonged to 92-year-old Kathryn Johnston.
When police receive tips like this, protocol is to confirm them by using an informant to make a controlled drug buy. Instead, the police lied on the search warrant, claiming to have conducted such a buy when they had not.
Johnston woke hours later to the frightening disturbance of someone breaking into her home; she met the police with a broken old revolver she stashed at the side of the bed to scare off intruders. They opened fire.
The officers called for medical help for their three colleagues who had been wounded by friendly fire. And Johnston, after realizing their mistake they handcuffed her and left her to bleed to death on her own living room floor while one of the officers planted marijuana in her basement.
In a subsequent federal investigation it was revealed that Atlanta drug cops routinely lied on search warrants. Media investigation and city council hearings ensure, and discovered a number of additionally botched raids on citizens of Atlanta who had previously been afraid to come forward.
